History of the Jews, Vol. 4 (of 6)

Rise of the False Accusation against Jews of Poisoning the Wells--Massacres in Southern France and Catalonia--The Friendly Bull of Pope Clement VI--Terrible Massacres in all Parts of Germany--Confessions wrung from the Jews on the Rack --The Flagellants as a Scourge for the Jews--King Casimir of Poland--Persecution in Brussels--The Black Death in Spain --Don Pedro the Cruel and the Jews--Santob de Carrion and Samuel Abulafia--Fall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the Jews--Return of the Jews to France and Germany--The "Golden Bull"--Manessier de Vesoul--Matathiah Meïr Halevi --Synod at Mayence page 100.

1348-1380 C.E.

The Jews of Spain after the Civil War--Joseph Pichon and Samuel Abrabanel--The Apostates: John of Valladolid-- Menachem ben Zerach, Chasdaï Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet --Chayim Gallipapa and his Innovations--Prevôt Aubriot and the Jews of Paris--The French Rabbinate--Revival of Jewish Influence in Spain--The Jews of Portugal--The Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah Negro--Rabbis and Clergy --Persecutions in Germany and Spain--The First Germs of the Inquisition--Second Expulsion of the Jews from France--The Convert Pessach-Peter--Lipmann of Mühlhausen page 136.

1369-1380 C.E.

The Marranos--The Satirists--Pero Ferrus of Alcala, Diego de Valencia, and Villasandino--Astruc Raimuch and Solomon Bonfed--Paul de Santa Maria and his Zealous Campaign against the Jews--Joshua Ibn-Vives--Profiat Duran (Efodi)--Meïr Alguades--The Philosophy of Crescas--Death of Henry III of Castile and Unfavorable Change in the Position of the Jews-- Messianic Dreams of the Kabbalists--Jews seek an Asylum in Northern Africa--Simon Duran--Geronimo de Santa Fé, Vincent Ferrer and Benedict XIII--Anti-Jewish Edict of Juan II-- Special Jewish Costume--Conversion of Jews owing to Ferrer's Violent Efforts--Disputation at Tortosa--The Jewish Spokesmen at the Conference--Incidents of the Meeting-- Geronimo instigates the Publication of a Bull for the Burning of the Talmud--Pope Martin V befriends the Jews page 179.

1391-1420 C.E.

The Hussite Heresy--Consequences for the Jews involved in the Struggle--Jacob Mölin--Abraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob in the Service of the Castilian Court--Isaac Campanton, the Poet Solomon Dafiera--Moses da Rieti-- Anti-Christian Polemical Literature--Chayim Ibn-Musa-- Simon Duran and his Son Solomon--Joseph Albo as a Religious Philosopher--Jewish Philosophical Systems--Edict of the Council of Basle against the Jews--Fanatical Outbreaks in Majorca--Astruc Sibili and his Conversion to Christianity page 221.

1420-1442 C.E.

Pope Eugenius IV, under the Influence of Alfonso de Cartagena, changes his Attitude towards the Jews--His Bull against the Spanish and Italian Jews in 1442--Don Juan II defends the Jews--Pope Nicholas V's Hostility--Louis of Bavaria--The Philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and his Relation to Judaism-- John of Capistrano--His Influence with the People is turned against the Jews--Capistrano in Bavaria and Würzburg-- Expulsion of the Breslau Community--Expulsion of the Jews from Brünn and Olmütz--The Jews of Poland under Casimir IV --Capture of Constantinople by Mahomet II--The Jews find an Asylum in Turkey--The Karaites--Moses Kapsali--Isaac Zarfati--Position of the Jews of Spain--Persecutions directed by Alfonso de Spina--The Condition of the Marranos page 248.

1442-1474 C.E.

Position of the Jews of Italy--The Jewish Bankers--Yechiel of Pisa--His Relations with Don Isaac Abrabanel--Jewish Physicians, Guglielmo di Portaleone--Revival of Learning among Italian Jews--Messer Leon and Elias del Medigo-- Pico di Mirandola, the Disciple of Medigo--Predilection of Christians for the Kabbala--Jochanan Aleman--Religious Views of Del Medigo--German Rabbis immigrate into Italy-- Joseph Kolon, his Character and his Feud with Messer Leon --Judah Menz, an Antagonist of Del Medigo--Bernardinus of Feltre--Jews banished from Trent on a False Charge of Child-Murder--The Doge of Venice and Pope Sixtus IV befriend the Jews--Sufferings of the Jews of Ratisbon--Israel Bruna --Synod at Nuremberg--Emperor Frederick III page 285.

1474-1492 C.E.

Jewish Blood in the Veins of the Spanish Nobility--The Marranos cling to Judaism and manifest Unconquerable Antipathy to Christianity--Ferdinand and Isabella--The Dominicans, Alfonso de Ojeda, Diego de Merlo, and Pedro de Solis--The Catechism of the Marranos--A Polemical Work against the Catholic Church and Despotism gives a Powerful Impulse to the Inquisition--The Tribunal is established in 1480--Miguel Morillo and Juan de San Martin are the first Inquisitors-- The Inquisition in Seville--The "Edict of Grace"--The Procession and the Auto-da-fé--The Numbers of the Accused and Condemned--Pope Sixtus IV and his Vacillating Policy with Regard to the Inquisition--The Inquisition under the first Inquisitor General, Thomas de Torquemada; its Constitutions --The Marranos of Aragon--They are charged with the Death of the Inquisitor Arbues--Persecutions and Victims-- Proceedings against two Bishops Favorable to the Jews, De Avila and De Aranda page 308.

1474-1483 C.E.

Friendship of Marranos and Jews--Torquemada demands of the Rabbis of Toledo the Denunciation of Marranos--Judah Ibn-Verga--Jewish Courtiers under Ferdinand and Isabella --Isaac Abrabanel: his History and Writings--The Jews of Portugal under Alfonso V--The Ibn-Yachya Brothers-- Abrabanel's Flight from Portugal to Spain--The Jews of Granada: Isaac Hamon--Edict of Banishment promulgated by Ferdinand and Isabella--Its Consequences--Departure from Spain--Number of the Exiles--Decline in the Prosperity of Spain after the Banishment of the Jews--Transformation of Synagogues and Schools into Churches and Monasteries-- The Inquisition and the Marranos--Deza, the Successor of Torquemada page 334.

1483-1492 C.E.

The Exiles from Navarre--Migration to Naples--King Ferdinand I of Naples and Abrabanel--Leon Abrabanel-- Misfortunes of the Jews in Fez, Genoa, Rome, and the Islands of Greece--The Sultan Bajazet--Moses Kapsali--Spanish Jews in Portugal--The Jewish Astronomers, Abraham Zacuto and José Vecinho--The Jewish Travelers, Abraham de Beya and Joseph Zapateiro--Outbreak of the Plague among the Spanish Jews in Portugal--Sufferings of the Portuguese Exiles-- Judah Chayyat and his Fellow-Sufferers--Cruelty of João II-- Kindly Treatment by Manoel changed into Cruelty on his Marriage --Forcible Baptism of Jewish Children--Levi ben Chabib and Isaac Caro--Pope Alexander VI--Manoel's Efforts on Behalf of the Portuguese Marranos--Death of Simon Maimi and Abraham Saba page 357.

1492-1498 C.E.

Widespread Consequences of the Expulsion--The Exiles--Fate of the Abrabanel Family--Leon Medigo--Isaac Akrish--The Pre-eminence of Jews of Spanish Origin--The North-African States: Samuel Alvalensi, Jacob Berab, Simon Duran II--The Jews of Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis--Abraham Zacuto and Moses Alashkar--Egypt: Isaac Shalal, David Ibn-Abi Zimra--The Jews of Cairo--Selim I--Cessation of the Office of Nagid-- Jerusalem--Obadyah di Bertinoro--Safet and Joseph Saragossi --The Jews of Turkey--Constantinople--Elias Mizrachi: the Karaites--The Communities of Salonica and Adrianople-- The Jews of Greece--Elias Kapsali--The Jews of Italy and the Popes: Bonet de Lates--The Ghetto in Venice--Samuel Abrabanel and Benvenida Abrabanela--Abraham Farissol--The Jews of Germany and their Sorrows--Expulsion of the Jews from Various Towns--The Jews of Bohemia--Jacob Polak and his School--The Jews of Poland page 382.

1496-1525 C.E.

Antecedents of the Convert John Pfefferkorn--Pfefferkorn and the Dominicans of Cologne--Hoogstraten, Ortuinus Gratius and Arnold of Tongern--Victor von Karben--Attacks on the Talmud and Confiscation of Copies in Frankfort--Reuchlin's Hebrew and Kabbalistic Studies--The Controversy concerning the Talmud--Activity on both Sides--Public Excitement-- Complete Victory of Reuchlin's Efforts in Defense of Jewish Literature--Ulrich von Hutten--Luther--Revival of Hebrew Studies page 422.

1500-1520 C.E.

Internal Condition of Judaism--Division in the Communities-- The Lack of Interest in Poetry--Historical Studies---Leon Medigo's "Dialogues of Love"--Supremacy of the Kabbala-- Messianic Hopes--The Marranos and the Inquisition--Henrique Nunes--The Traveler David Reubeni in Rome--Solomon Molcho --His Relations with David Reubeni--Joseph Karo and his "Maggid"--Clement VII--Molcho in Ancona and Rome--His Favor with the Cardinals--Death of Molcho--The Enthusiastic Regard in which he was held--Duarte de Paz--Paul III-- Charles V and the Jews--Emanuel da Costa page 477.

1500-1538 C.E.

Efforts towards Unity--Jacob Berab proposes the Re-introduction of Rabbinical Ordination into Palestine-- Successful Opposition of Levi ben Chabib--Joseph Karo--His Connection with Solomon Molcho and his Messianic Visions-- Karo's Religious Code--Converts to Judaism at the Era of the Reformation--Expulsion of the Jews from Naples and Prague-- Their Return to the latter Town--Dr. Eck--Martin Luther and the Jews--Moses Hamon--Jewish Histories by Joseph Cohen, the Ibn-Vergas, and Samuel Usque--Elegy of Samuel Usque-- Reaction in the Catholic Church; Loyola establishes the Order of Jesuits--The Censorship of Books--Eliano Romano and Vittorio Eliano--Fresh Attacks on the Talmud--Paul IV and his anti-Jewish Bulls--Persecution of the Marranos by the Inquisition in Ancona--Joseph Nassi--The Levantine Jews-- Expulsion of the Jews from Austria and Bohemia--Relations of Pope Pius IV and V to the Jews page 529.

1538-1566 C.E.

Joseph Nassi's Favor with Sultan Solyman--His Friendship for Prince Selim--Hostility of Venice and France to Nassi-- Joseph Nassi restores Tiberias, and is created Duke of Naxos --The Vizir Mahomet Sokolli--The Turks, at the Instigation of Nassi, conquer Cyprus--Rebellion against Philip II in the Netherlands--Solomon Ashkenazi--Election of Henry of Anjou as King of Poland--Ashkenazi negotiates a Peace between Venice and Turkey--Gedalya Ibn-Yachya and Jewish Literature in Turkey--Joseph Karo compiles the "Shulchan Aruch"--Azarya deï Rossi--Isaac Lurya--The Jewish "Dark Age"--Spread of the Kabbala--Lurya's Disciple, Chayim Vital Calabrese--Death of Joseph Nassi--Esther Kiera and the Influence of Jewish Women in Turkey page 593.

1566-1600 C.E.

Condition of Poland--Favorable Situation of the Jews in that Country--Anti-Jewish Party in Poland--The Jewish Communities--Judaizing Poles--Studies of the Jews-- The Talmud in Poland--Solomon Lurya--Moses Isserles-- The Historian, David Gans--"Zemach David"--Supremacy of the Polish Authorities in Rabbinical Matters--The Jewish Seminaries in Poland--The Disputations at the Fairs-- Chiddushim and Chillukim--Stephen Bathori--His Kindness towards his Jewish Subjects--Sigismund III--Restriction on the Erection of Synagogues--Jewish Synods--Vaad Arba Arazoth--Mordecai Jafa--Christian Sects in Poland--The Socinians or Unitarians--Simon Budny--The Reformers and the Jews--Isaac Troki--"The Strengthening of Faith" page 631.