The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II

TABLE III.

The periodic dependence of the composition of the simplest compounds and properties of the simple bodies upon the atomic weights of the elements.

+-------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | |Molecular composition of | | |the higher hydrogen and | Atomic weights of the elements | |metallo-organic compounds| | |-------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | | | | |E=CH_{3}, C_{2}H_{5}, &c.| | | | | | | | |[1] [2] [3] [4] | [5] [6] | | | | | HH| H 1,005 (mean) | | | Li 7·02 (Stas) | | | Be 9·1 (Nilson Pettersson)| | BE_{3} -- --| B 11·0 (Ramsay Ashton) | | CH_{4} C_{2}H_{6} | | | C_{2}H_{4} C_{2}H_{2} | C 12·00 (Roscoe) | | NH_{3} N_{2}H_{4} --| N 14·04 (Stas) | | OH_{2} --| O 16 (conventional) | | FH| F 19·0 (Christiansen) | | | | | NaE| Na 23·04 (Stas) | | MgE_{2} --| Mg 24·3 (Burton) | | AlE_{3} -- --| Al 27·1 (Mallet) | |SiH_{4} Si_{2}E_{6} -- --| Si 28·4 (Thorpe Young) | | PH_{3} P_{2}H_{4} --| P 31·0 (v. d. Plaats) | | SH_{2} --| S 32·06 (Stas) | | ClH| Cl 35·45 (Stas) | | | | | | K 39·15 (Stas) | | | Ca 40·0 (Dumas) | | | Sc 44·0 (Nilson) | | | Ti 48·1 (Thorpe) | | | V 51·2 (Roscoe) | | | Cr 52·1 (Rawson) | | | Mn 55·1 (Marignac) | | | Fe 56·0 (Dumas) | | | Co 58·9 (Zimmermann) | | | Ni 59·4 (Winkler) | | | Cu 63.6 (Richards) | | ZnE_{2} --| Zn 65·3 (Marignac) | | GaE_{3} -- --| Ga 69·9 (Boisbaudran) | | GeE_{4} -- -- --| Ge 72·3 (Winkler) | | AsH_{3} -- --| As 75·0 (Dumas) | | SeH_{2} --| Se 79·0[A] (Pettersson) | | BrH| Br 79·95 (Stas) | | | | | | Rb 85·5 (Godeffroy) | | | Sr 87·6 (Dumas) | | | Y 89 (Clève) | | | Zr 90·6 (Bailey) | | | Nb 94 (Marignac) | | | Mo 96·1 (Maas) | | | Unknown metal | | | | | | Ru 101·7 (Joly) | | | Rh 102·7 (Seubert) | | | Pd 106·4 (Keller Smith) | | | Ag 107·92 (Stas) | | CdE_{2} --| Cd 112·1 (Lorimer Smith) | | InE_{3} -- --| In 113·6 (Winkler) | | SnE_{4} -- -- --| Sn 119·1 (Classen) | | SbH_{3} -- --| Sb 120·4 (Schneider) | | TeH_{2} --| Te 125·1 (Brauner) | | | | | | Cs 132·7 (Godeffroy) | | | Ba 137·4 (Richards) | | | La 138·2 (Brauner) | | | Ce 140·2 (Brauner) | | | | | | Ta 182·7 (Marignac) | | | W 184·0 (Waddel) | | | Unknown element. | | | | | | Ir 193·3 (Joly) | | | Pt 196·0 (Dittmar McArthur) | | | Au 197·5 (Mallet) | | HgE_{2} --| Hg 200·5 (Erdmann Mar.) | | TlE_{3} -- --| Tl 204·1 (Crookes) | | PbE_{4} -- -- --| Pb 206·90 (Stas) | | BiE_{3} -- --| Bi 208·9 (Classen) | | | Five unknown elements. | | | Th 232·4 (Krüss Nilson) | | | Unknown element. | | | U 239·3 (Zimmermann) | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | Composition of the saline compounds, X = Cl | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Br, (NO_{3}), 1/2 O, 1/2 (SO_{4}), OH, (OM) = Z, where M = K, | | 1/2 Ca, 1/3 Al, &c. | |Form RX RX_{2} RX_{3} RX_{4} RX_{5} RX_{6} RX_{7} RX_{8}| |Oxi- R_{2}O RO R_{2}O_{3} RO_{2} R_{2}O_{5} RO_{3} R_{2}O_{7} RO_{4}| |des | | [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] | | | | X or H_{2}O | | iX | | -- BeX_{2} | | -- -- BX_{3} | | | | -- CO -- COZ_{2} | | N_{2}O NO NOZ NO_2 NO_{2}Z | | -- OX_{2} | | FZ | | | | NaX | | -- MgX_{2} | | -- -- AlX_{3} | | -- -- -- SiOZ_{2} | | -- -- PX_{3} -- POZ_{3} | | -- SX_{2} -- SOZ_{2} -- SO_{2}Z_{2} | | ClZ -- ClOZ -- ClO_{2}Z -- ClO_{3}Z | | | | KX | | -- CaX_{2} | | -- -- ScX_{3} | | -- TiX_{2} TiX_{3} TiX_{4} | | -- VO VOX -- VOZ_{3} | | -- CrX_{2} CrX_{3} CrO_{2} -- CrO_{2}Z_{2} | | -- MnX_{2} MnX_{3} MnO_{2} -- MnO_{2}Z_{2} MnO_{3}Z | | -- FeX_{2} FeX_{3} -- -- FeO_{2}Z_{2} | | -- CoX_{2} CoX_{3} CoO_{2} | | -- NiX_{2} NiX_{3} | | CuX CuX_{2} | | -- ZnX_{2} | | -- -- GaX_{3} | | -- GeX_{2} -- GeX_{4} | | -- AsS AsX_{3} AsS_{2} AsO_{2}Z | | -- -- -- SeOZ_{2} -- SeO_{2}Z_{2} | | BrZ -- BrOZ -- BrO_{2}Z -- BrO_{3}Z | | | | RbX | | -- SrX_{2} | | -- -- YX_{3} | | -- -- -- ZrX_{4} | | -- -- NbX_{3} -- NbO_{2}Z | | -- -- MoX_{3} MoX_{4} -- MoO_{2}Z_{2} | |(eka-manganese, Em = 99). EmO_{3}Z | | RuO_{4}| | -- RuX_{2} RuX_{3} RuX_{4} -- RuO_{2}Z_{2} RuO_{3}Z | | -- RhX_{2} RhX_{3} RhX_{4} -- RhO_{2}Z_{2} | | PdX PdX_{2} -- PdX_{4} | | AgX | | -- CdX_{2} | | -- InX_{2} InX_{3} | | -- SnX_{2} -- SnX_{4} | | -- -- SbX_{3} -- SbO_{2}Z | | -- -- -- TeOZ_{2} -- TeO_{2}Z_{2} | | IZ -- IZ_{3} -- IO_{2}Z -- IO_{3}Z | | | | CsX | | -- BaX_{2} | | -- -- LaX_{3} | | -- -- CeX_{3} CeX_{4} | | Little known Di = 142.1 and Yb = 173.2, and over 15 unknown elements.| | -- -- -- -- TaO_{2}Z | | -- -- -- WX_{4} -- WO_{2}Z_{2} | | | | OsO_{4}| | -- -- OsX_{3} OsX_{4} -- OsO_{2}Z_{2} -- | | -- -- IrX_{3} IrX_{4} -- IrO_{2}Z_{2} | | -- PtX_{2} -- PtX_{4} | | AuX -- AuX_{3} | | HgX HgX_{2} | | TlX -- TlX_{3} | | -- PbX_{2} -- PbOZ_{2} | | -- -- BiX_{3} -- BiO_{2}Z | | | | -- -- -- ThX_{4} | | | | -- -- -- UO_{2} -- UO_{2}X_{2} UO_{4}| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------------------------+------------+---------+---------------------+ | | | Lower | Simple bodies | |Molecular composition of | |hydrogen +-----+-------+-------| |the higher hydrogen and | Peroxides | com- | Sp. | Sp. |Melting| |metallo-organic compounds| | pounds | gr | vol. | point | |-------------------------+------------+---------+-----+-------+-------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |E=CH_{3}, C_{2}H_{5}, &c.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[1] [2] [3] [4] | [15] | [16] |[17] | [18] | [19] | | | | | | | | | HH|H_{2}O_{2} | -- |*0·05| 20 | -250°?| | | -- | -- | 0·59| 11·9 | 180° | | | -- | BeH | 1·64| 5·5 | 900°?| | BE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 2·5 | 4·4 |1,300°?| | CH_{4} C_{2}H_{6} | | | | | | | C_{2}H_{4} C_{2}H_{2} |C_{2}O_{5}* | -- |*1·9 | 6·3 |2,600°?| | NH_{3} N_{2}H_{4} --|N_{2}O_{6}* | N_{3}H |*0·6 | 23 | -203° | | OH_{2} --|O_{3} | -- |*0·9 | 18 | -230°?| | FH| -- | -- |?1·0 | 19 | ? | | | | | | | | | NaE|NaO | Na_{2}H | 0·98| 23·5 | 96° | | MgE_{2} --| -- | MgH | 1·74| 14 | 500° | | AlE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 2·6 | 11 | 600° | |SiH_{4} Si_{2}E_{6} -- --| -- | -- | 2·3 | 12 |1,300°?| | PH_{3} P_{2}H_{4} --| -- | P_2H | 2·2 | 14 | 44° | | SH_{2} --|S_{2}O_{7} | -- | 2·07| 15 | 114° | | ClH| -- | -- |*1·3 | 27 | -75° | | | | | | | | | |KO_{2} | K_{2}H | 0·87| 45 | 58° | | |CaO_{2} | CaH | 1·56| 26 | 800° | | | -- | -- |?2·5 | ?18 |1,200°?| | |TiO_{3} | -- | 3·6 | 13 |2,500°?| | | -- | -- | 5·5 | 9 |3,000°?| | |Cr_{2}O_{7} | -- | 6·7 | 7·7 |2,000°?| | | -- | -- | 7·5 | 7·3 |1,500° | | | -- |Fe_{n}H* | 7·8 | 7·2 |1,450° | | | -- | -- | 8·6 | 6·8 |1,400° | | | -- | Ni_{n}H | 8·7 | 6·8 |1,350° | | |Cu_{2}O_{5}*| CuH | 8·8 | 7·2 |1,054° | | ZnE_{2} --|ZnO_{2} | -- | 7·1 | 9·2 | 418° | | GaE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 5·96| 11·7 | 30° | | GeE_{4} -- -- --| -- | -- | 5·47| 13·2 | 900° | | AsH_{3} -- --| -- |As_{4}H* | 5·65| 13·3 | 500° | | SeH_{2} --| -- | -- | 4·8 | 16 | 217° | | BrH| -- | -- | 3·1 | 26 | -7° | | | | | | | | | |RbO |Rb_{2}H* | 1·5 | 57 | 39° | | |SrO_{2} | SrH | 2·5 | 35 | 600°?| | | -- | -- |*3·4 | *26 |1,000°?| | | -- |Zr_{4n}H*| 4·1 | 22 |1,500°?| | | -- |Nb_{n}H* | 7·1 | 13 |1,800°?| | |Mo_{2}O_{7} | -- | 8·6 | 11 |2,200°?| | | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | -- |Ru_{n}H* |12·2 | 8·4 |2,000°?| | | -- |Rh_{n}H* |12·1 | 8·6 |1,900°?| | | -- | Pd_{2}H |11·4 | 8·3 |1,500° | | |AgO | -- |10·5 | 10·3 | 950° | | CdE_{2} --|CdO_{2} | -- | 8·6 | 13 | 320° | | InE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 7·4 | 14 | 176° | | SnE_{4} -- -- --|SnO_{3} | -- | 7·2 | 16 | 232° | | SbH_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 6·7 | 18 | 432° | | TeH_{2} --| -- | -- | 6·4 | 20 | 455° | | IH| -- | -- | 4·9 | 26 | 114° | | | | | | | | | | -- |Cs_{2}H* | 2·37| 56 | 27° | | |BaO_{2} | BaH | 3·75| 36 | ? | | | -- | -- | 6·1 | 23 | ? | | | -- | -- | 6·6 | 21 | 700°?| | | | | | | | | | -- |Ta_{n}H* |10·4 | 18 | ? | | |W_{2}O_{7} | -- |19·1 | 9·6 |2,600° | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -- | -- |22·5 | 8·5 |2,700°?| | | -- | Ir_nH* |22·4 | 8·6 |2,000° | | | -- |Pt_{n}H* |21·4 | 9·2 |1,775° | | | -- | -- |19·3 | 10 |1,045° | | HgE_{2} --| -- | -- |13·6 | 15 | -39° | | TlE_{3} -- --| -- | -- |11·8 | 17 | 294° | | PbE_{4} -- -- --| -- | -- |11·3 | 18 | 328° | | BiE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 9·8 | 21 | 269° | | | | | | | | | | -- | -- |11·1 | 21 | ? | | | | | | | | | | -- | -- |18·7 | 13 |2,400°?| +-------------------------+------------+---------+-----+-------+-------+ [A] From analogy there is reason for thinking that the atomic weight of selenium is really slightly less than 79·0.

Columns 1, 2, 3, and 4 give the molecular composition of the hydrogen and metallo-organic compounds, exhibiting the most characteristic forms assumed by the elements. The first column contains only those which correspond to the form RX_{4}, the second column those of the form RX_{3}, the third of the form RX_{2}, and the fourth of the form RX, so that the periodicity stands out clearly (see Column 16).

Column 5 contains the symbols of all the more or less well-known elements, placed according to the order of the magnitude of their atomic weights.

Column 6 contains the atomic weights of the elements according to the most trustworthy determinations. The names of the investigators are given in parenthesis. The atomic weight of oxygen, taken as 16, forms the basis upon which these atomic weights were calculated. Some of these have been recalculated by me on the basis of Stas's most trustworthy data (see Chapter XXIV. and the numbers given by Stas in the table, where they are taken according to van der Plaats and Thomsen's calculations).

Columns 7-14 contain the composition of the saline compounds of the elements, placed according to their forms, RX, RX_{2} to RX_{8} (in the 14^{th} column). If the element R has a metallic character like H, Li, Be, &c., then X represents Cl, NO_{3}, 1/2 SO_{4}, &c., haloid radicles, or (OH) if a perfect hydrate is formed (alkali, aqueous base), or 1/2 O, 1/2 S, &c. when an anhydrous oxide, sulphide, &c. is formed. For instance, NaCl, Mg(NO_{3})_{2}, Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}, correspond to NaX, MgX_{2}, and AlX_{3}; so also Na(OH), Mg(OH)_{2}, Al(OH)_{3}, Na_{2}O, MgO, Al_{2}O_{3}, &c. But if the element, like C or N, be of a metalloid or acid character, X must be regarded as (OH) in the formation of hydrates; (OM) in the formation of salts, where M is the equivalent of a metal, 1/2 O in the formation of an anhydride, and Cl in the formation of a chloranhydride; and in this case (i.e. in the acid compounds) Z is put in the place of X; for example, the formulæ COZ_{2}, NO_{2}Z, MNO_{2}Z, FeO_{2}Z_{2}, and IZ_{3} correspond to CO(NaO)_{2} = Na_{2}CO_{3}, COCl_{2}, CO_{2}, NO_{2}(NaO) = NaNO_{3}, NO_{2}Cl, NO_{2}(OH) = HNO_{3}; MnO_{3}(OK) = KMnO_{4}, ICl, &c.

The 15th column gives the compositions of the peroxides of the elements, taking them as anhydrous. An asterisk (*) is attached to those of which the composition has not been well established, and a dash (--) shows that for a given element no peroxides have yet been obtained. The peroxides contain more oxygen than the higher saline oxides of the same elements, are powerfully oxidising, and easily give peroxide of hydrogen. This latter circumstance necessitates their being referred to the type of peroxide of hydrogen, if bases and acids are referred to the type of water (see Chapter XV., Note 7 and 11 bis).