A Hand-book of Precious Stones

_Shades of White._—Quartz, opal, chalcedony.

_Shades of Gray._—Labrador, smoky topaz, chalcedony, zircon.

_Black._—Obsidian, tourmaline, jet.

_Shades of Blue._—Lapis-lazuli, amethyst, chalcedony, spinel, zircon, sapphire, cyanite, tourmaline, turquois, odontolite, fluor spar.

_Shades of Green._—Amazon stone, turquois, prase, beryl, blood-stone, epidote, emerald, malachite, chrysoprase, chrysolite, idocrase, olivine, garnet, chrysoberyl.

_Shades of Yellow._—Opal, amber, topaz, beryl, jasper.

_Shades of Red._—Garnet, carnelian, chalcedony, rose quartz, corundum, tourmaline, spinel, ruby.

_Shades of Brown._—Zircon, garnet, smoky topaz, axinite, jasper.

_Colorless._—Diamond, sapphire, spinel, zircon, topaz, rock crystal, moonstone.

LUSTRE.

Well polished precious stones display a decided lustre, which assists in determining their species.

The following is a list of some precious stones and their lustre:

_Adamantine._—Diamond, zircon.

_Resinous._—Garnet.

_Vitreous._—Emerald, ruby, spinel.

_Waxy._—Turquois.

_Pearly._—Moonstone, opal.

_Silky._—Crocidolite, quartz cat’s-eye.

_Metallic._—Hematite.

_Greasy._—Olivine.

Some stones vary in lustre, from vitreous to pearly, etc.

STREAK.

The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder.

This powder varies in color, and may be white, gray, red, etc. It is obtained by scratching the mineral with a sharp file, or by rubbing the mineral on the back of an unglazed porcelain plate, when the color of the powder will appear on the plate.

It is remarkable that the streak of the diamond is gray to grayish-black, while that of the ruby is colorless or white.

HARDNESS.

One of the most important and distinguishing qualities of a gem stone is the property of enduring, resisting wear,—in short, hardness. To test the hardness of precious stones that have not been cut or polished, the following scale of ten minerals has been devised by Moh, a German mineralogist:

No. 1. Talc. Very soft; is easily broken or scratched with the finger-nail.

No. 2. Rock-salt. Soft; scratched with difficulty with finger-nail; readily cut with a knife.

No. 3. Calcite. Low degree of hardness; not to be scratched with finger-nail; easily scratched with a knife.

No. 4. Fluor spar. Fairly hard; is slightly scratched by a knife, but easily attacked with a file.

No. 5. Apatite. Medium hardness; does not scratch glass, or only faintly; does not give out sparks against steel; easily attacked with a file.

No. 6. Felspar. Easily scratches glass; is attacked by a file, and gives some sparks against steel.

No. 7. Quartz. Quite hard; is only slightly attacked by file; gives sparks readily against steel.

No. 8. Topaz. Very hard; is not attacked by a file.

No. 9. Sapphire. Hardest of all minerals but the diamond; attacks all other minerals.

No. 10. Diamond. Attacks all minerals; is not attacked by any.

To find the hardness of a stone, begin to test with the softest mineral, so that when the number is reached which will scratch the stone, there has been no injury to the specimen under examination. Half numbers are determined by the ease or difficulty with which a stone is scratched. For example, a stone which will resist No. 7 (quartz) and which is only faintly attacked by No. 8 (topaz) may be safely put down as 7.5, while a stone which resisted No. 7 and yielded easily to No. 8 is to be classed as 7 in hardness.

These tests are readily applied to crystals or unpolished gems. With the polished stone greater care must be observed, and while a file test is often satisfactory, there is always the danger of striking the cleavage and breaking off a small piece of the stone.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY.