The Story of the Barbary Corsairs

The Ottoman Navy. 1470-1522 61-75

Rise of the Turkish navy, 61--Rivalry of Genoa and Venice, 62--The fleet of Mohammed II., 65--The Knights Hospitallers, 66--Ship building at Constantinople, 66--The Battle of Zonchio, 68--Fall of Lepanto, 71--Decline of Venice, 71--Siege of Rhodes, 73--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n summoned to the Porte, 75.

VII.

Doria and Barbarossa. 1533 76-83

Andrea Doria, 76--Change of sides, 77--The two rivals, 78--Doria's conquest of Coron, 78--Relief of Coron, 81--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n sails to Constantinople, 82--Is made Admiral, 83--Building galleys, 83.

VIII.

Tunis Taken and Lost. 1534-1535 84-93

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n ravages the coasts of Italy, 84--Giulia Gonzaga, 84--The Ben[=i] Hafs of Tunis, 85--Conquest of Tunis by Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n, 86--Charles V. goes to Tunis, 86--Defeat of Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n, 89--Brutality of the Imperial troops, 90--Joy throughout Christendom, 91--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's expedition to Minorca, 93.

IX.

The Sea-fight Off Prevesa. 1537 94-104

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n and Venice, 94--Venetian provocations, 95--Doria off Paxos, 95--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n lays waste the Apulian coast, 96--Siege of Corfu by the Turks, 96--Abandoned, 97--A raid among the isles of Greece, 97--Rich prizes, 97--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n sails to combat Doria, 98--Battle off Prevesa, 101--Doria's galleasses, 102--Hesitation of the Christians, 103--Doria's seamanship and Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's audacity, 104.

X.

Barbarossa in France. 1539-1546 105-111

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n retakes Castelnuovo, 105--Is invited by Francis I. to come to Marseilles, 106--Attacks Nice, 109--Winters at Toulon, 109--Ransoms Dragut, 110--Returns to Constantinople, and dies, 111--His tomb at Beshiktash, 111.

XI.

Charles at Algiers. 1541 112-123

Barbarossa's successors at Algiers, 112--Charles V. resolves to destroy piracy, 113--The expedition to Algiers, 113--Stormy voyage, 114--The Christian fleet, 114--Landing at Algiers, 117--Effects of the rains, 118--Repulse of the besiegers, 118--Panic in the camp allayed by the Emperor, 119--The Storm, 119--Charles orders a retreat, 120--The remnant of the army sails away, 121--Another tempest, 122--Total failure of the expedition, 123.

XII.

Dragut Reïs. 1543-1560 124-140

Dragut or Torgh[=u]d the Rover, 124--His captivity, 127--His lair at Jerba, 128--The city of "Africa," 128--Early siege of "Africa" by the Duke of Bourbon, 131--Retreat, 133--"Africa" (Mahd[=i]ya) taken by Dragut, 133--Retaken by Doria and Garcia de Toledo, 134--Dragut's escape from Jerba, 135--He joins the Ottoman navy, 136--Attack on Malta, 136--Siege and conquest of Tripoli, 137--Christian fleets assemble for recapture of Tripoli, 138--Disaster at Jerba, 139-140.

XIII.

The Knights of Malta. 1565 141-159

Activity of Maltese galleys, 141--Fortifications of Malta, 142--Description of Malta, in 1565, 143--The Turkish forces, 144--Jean de la Valette, 145--Arrival of Dragut, 146--Siege of Fort St. Elmo, 147--Fall of St. Elmo, 149--Death of Dragut, 149--Siege of Fort St. Michael, 150--Ten assaults, 155--A false alarm, 157--Last assault, 158--Arrival of relieving army, 158--The survivors of the siege, 159.

XIV.

Lepanto. 1571 160-178

Results of the siege of Malta, 160--Ochiali, 161--The Turks lay siege to Cyprus, 162--Jealousies among the Christian admirals, 163--Cyprus occupied by the Turks, 164--Efforts of Pope Pius V., 164--Don John of Austria, 167--Muster of the Christian fleets, 167--The Turkish armada, 173--Meeting of the hostile fleets, 173--Giovanni Doria's tactics, 175--Marshalling of the Turkish array, 175--Beginning of the battle, 176--The victory, 177--Cervantes, 177--Subsequent career and death of Don John, 178.

THE GENERAL OF THE GALLEYS. 16th-18th Centuries 181-199

The last of the great Corsairs, 181--Ochiali, 182--Pashas of Algiers, 185--Renegades succeeded by Turks, 185--Beys of Tunis, 186--Blackmail levied on the Christian Powers, 186--Deys of Algiers, 187--Violent deaths, 187--Morocco, 188--Sal[=e] rovers, 188--Delgarno, 188--Chevalier Acton, 191--Mur[=a]d Reïs, 192--'Ali Pichinin, 194--Defeated by Venetians, 194--His slaves, 195--His theology, 199.

XVI.

GALLEYS AND GALLEY SLAVES. 16th Century 200-225

The Renegade Corsairs, 200--Their cruises, 201--Description of different classes of galleys, 205--Furttenbach's account, 206--Rig and armament, 213--Galley-oars, 214--Sufferings of the slaves, 215--The boatswains, 216--Christian galleys, 217--Ship's company, 218--Barbary galleot, 218--Building, 219--Strength of Algerine fleet, 219--Captains, 220--Launching a galley, 220--The rowers and owners, 221--Soldiers, 221--Food, 222--Auguration, 222--Time of cruising, speed, and manoeuvre, 222-223--Ports of refuge, 223-4--Mode of attack, 224--Division of spoils, 224--Return to port with a prize, 225.

XVII.

THE TRIUMPH OF SAILS. 17th Century 226-234

European ship-builders in Barbary, 226--The galley superseded by the galleon or ship, 229--Depredations of the Algerine sailing-ships, 229--Fighting a Turkish caramuzel, 231--Raids on Madeira, Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland, 232--Losses of the French, 234.

XVIII.

THE REDEMPTION OF CAPTIVES. 17th and 18th Centuries 235-255

Slaves on shore, 235--Dan's account, 236--Cruelty the exception, 241--Government slaves, 242--Sale of captives, 243--Pitiful history of four Knights of Malta, 244--Cervantes in captivity, 246--Attempts to escape, 247--The Order of the Redemption, 251--Father Dan and the mission of Sanson le Page, 252--Arrival of the new Pasha at Algiers, 253--The Bastion de France, 254--Father Comelin, 255.

XIX.

THE ABASEMENT OF EUROPE. 16th to 18th Centuries 256-273

Arrogance of the Barbary States, 256--Humiliations imposed upon foreign envoys, 257--Extortion of blackmail from European Powers, 259--Treatment of consuls, 260--Piracy on the high sea, 265--Mr. Spratt's captivity, 266--Ransoms by English government, 267--Adventures of captives, 267--Admiral Blake at Porto Farina, 269--False passes, 270--Failure of all remonstrances, 271-3.

XX.

THE UNITED STATES AND TRIPOLI. 1803-5 274-291

Piracy on American ships, 274--Threats of the Pirates, 275--Squadrons sent to refuse tribute, 276--Commodore Preble, 276--Tangiers brought to reason, 277--The loss of the Philadelphia, 279--Decatur succeeds in burning her, 287--Attack on Tripoli, 289--Treaty signed, 290.

XXI.

The Battle of Algiers. 1816 292-300

Proceedings of the Mediterranean fleet, 292--American treaty with Algiers, 293--Lord Exmouth's expedition, 293--His success at Tunis, 294--Princess Caroline, 295--Bombardment of Algiers, 297--Treaty ineffectual, 299.