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Church History, Volume 2 (of 3)

Name: Church History, Volume 2 (of 3)
Author: J. H. Kurtz

by J. H. Kurtz

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Church history

In: History - European·History - Medieval/Middle Ages·History - Religious

Public-domain ebook sourced from Project Gutenberg #51490.

About this book

This work is a comprehensive reference on the development of Western Christianity from the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries. It begins with a dense outline of thirteenth‑century topics, Aristotelian scholarship, the rise of the mendicant orders, and the flourishing of Franciscan and Dominican schoolmen, then moves through sections on liturgy, popular customs, heretical movements, and the papacy. The structure proceeds chronologically, covering the medieval papal schisms, the Reformation’s origins in Wittenberg, the spread of Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist ideas, and the Catholic Counter‑Reformation, each subdivided into detailed entries on councils, doctrinal disputes, and key figures.

The author writes in a scholarly, catalogue‑style prose typical of late‑nineteenth‑century German historiography, with exhaustive enumeration of topics and names rather than narrative storytelling. Readers who enjoy systematic surveys, reference works, or the meticulous study of ecclesiastical institutions, theological debates, and the interplay of religion with politics and culture will find this volume valuable. It suits academics, graduate students, and serious amateurs seeking a dense, fact‑rich overview of church history across the medieval and early modern periods.

Who appears in Church History, Volume 2 (of 3)

Albert the GreatElderly Dominican friar, long grey beard, scholarly robes, holding a manuscript, 13th‑century attire
Thomas AquinasMiddle‑aged Dominican monk, bald head, simple white habit, holding a quill and book, medieval scholarly setting
Robert of SorbonSenior cleric in black cassock, trimmed beard, modest mitre, standing before a stone university wall, 13th‑century France

The opening · free to read

§ 103. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. (1) The Writings of Aristotle and his Arabic Interpreters. (2) Theory of a twofold Truth. (3) The Appearance of the Mendicant Orders. (4) Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen. (5) Distinguished Dominican Schoolmen--Albert the Great. (6) ---- Thomas Aquinas. (7) Reformers of the Scholastic Method--Raimund Lull. (8) ---- Roger Bacon. (9) Theologians of a Biblical and Practical Tendency. 1. Cæsarius of Heisterbach. 2. William Peraldus. 3. Hugo of St. Caro. 4. Robert of Sorbon. 5. Raimund Martini. (10) Precursors of the German Speculative Mystics.

IV. The Church and the People.

§ 104. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ART. (1) The Liturgy and the Sermon. (2) Definition and Number of the Sacraments. (3) The Sacrament of the Altar. (4) Penance. (5) Extreme Unction. (6) The Sacrament of Marriage. (7) New Festivals. (8) The Veneration of Saints. (9) St. Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins. (10) Hymnology. (11) Church Music. (12) Ecclesiastical Architecture. (13) Free Mason Lodges. (14) Statuary and Painting.

§ 105. NATIONAL CUSTOMS AND THE NATIONAL LITERATURE. (1) Knighthood and the Peace of God. (2) Popular Customs. (3) Two Royal Saints. (4) Evidences of Sainthood. 1. Stigmatization. 2. Bilocation. (5) Religious Culture of the People. (6) The National Literature.

§ 106. CHURCH DISCIPLINE, INDULGENCES, AND ASCETICISM. (1) Ban and Interdict. (2) Indulgences. (3) The Church Doctrine of the Hereafter. (4) Flagellation.

§ 107. FEMALE MYSTICS. (1) Two Rhenish Prophetesses of the 12th Century. (2) Three Thuringian Prophetesses of the 13th Century.

V. Heretical Opposition to Ecclesiastical Authority.

§ 108. THE PROTESTERS AGAINST THE CHURCH. (1) The Cathari. (2) ---- Their Theological Systems. (3) The Pasagians. (4) Pantheistic Heretics. 1. Amalrich of Bena. 2. David of Dinant. 3. The Ortlibarians. (5) Apocalyptic Heretics. (6) Ghibelline Joachites. (7) Revolutionary Reformers. 1. The Petrobrusians. 2. Arnold of Brescia. (8) 3. The Pastorelles. 4. The Apostolic Brothers. (9) Reforming Enthusiasts. 1. Tanchelm. 2. Eon de Stella. (10) The Waldensians. 1. Their Origin. (11) 2. Their Divisions. (12) 3. Attempts at Catholicizing. (13) 4. The French Societies. (14) ---- An Alternate Origin. (15) 5. The Lombard-German Branch. (16) 6. Relations between the Waldensians and Older and Contemporary Sects.

§ 109. THE CHURCH AGAINST THE PROTESTERS. (1) The Albigensian Crusade, A.D. 1209-1229. (2) The Inquisition. (3) Conrad of Marburg and the Stedingers.

THIRD SECTION.

HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH IN THE 14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 1294-1517).

I. The Hierarchy, Clergy, and Monks.

§ 110. THE PAPACY. (1) Boniface VIII. and Benedict XI., A.D. 1294-1304. (2) The Papacy during the Babylonian Exile, A.D. 1305-1377. (3) John XXII., A.D. 1316-1334. (4) Benedict XII., A.D. 1334-1342. (5) Innocent VI. to Gregory XI., A.D. 1352-1378. (6) The Papal Schism and the Council of Pisa, A.D. 1378-1410. (7) The Council of Constance and Martin V., A.D. 1410-1431. (8) Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel, A.D. 1431-1449. (9) Pragmatic Sanction, A.D. 1438. (10) Nicholas V. to Pius II., A.D. 1447-1464. (11) Paul II., Sixtus IV. and Innocent VII., A.D. 1464-1492. (12) Alexander VI., A.D. 1492-1503. (13) Julius II., A.D. 1503-1513. (14) Leo X., A.D. 1513-1521. (15) Papal Claims to Sovereignty. (16) The Papal Curia.

§ 111. THE CLERGY. (1) The Moral Condition of the Clergy. (2) Commendator Abbots.

§ 112. MONASTIC ORDERS AND SOCIETIES. (1) The Benedictine Orders. (2) The Franciscans. (3) The Observants and Conventuals. (4) The Dominicans. (5) The Augustinians. (6) John von Staupitz. (7) Overthrow of the Templars. (8) New Orders. 1. Hieronymites. 2. Jesuates. 3. Minimi. 4. Nuns of St. Bridget. 5. Annunciate Order. (9) The Brothers of the Common Life.

II. Theological Science.

§ 113. SCHOLASTICISM AND ITS REFORMERS. (1) John Duns Scotus. (2) Thomists and Scotists. (3) Nominalists and Realists. (4) Casuistry. (5) The Founder of Natural Theology--Raimund of Sabunde. (6) Nicholas of Cusa. (7) Biblical and Practical Theologians. 1. Nicholas of Lyra. 2. Antonine of Florence. 3. John Trithemius.

§ 114. THE GERMAN MYSTICS. (1) Meister Eckhart. (2) Mystics of Upper Germany after Eckhart. (3) The Friend of God in the Uplands. (4) Nicholas of Basel. (5) Henry Suso. (6) Henry of Nördlingen. (7) Mystics of the Netherlands. 1. John of Ruysbroek. 2. Hendrik Mande. 3. Gerlach Peters. 4. Thomas à Kempis.

III. The Church and the People.

§ 115A. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE. (1) Fasts and Festivals. (2) Preaching. (3) The Biblia Pauperum. (4) The Bible in the Vernacular. (5) Catechisms and Prayer Books. (6) The Dance of Death. (7) Hymnology. (8) Church Music. (9) Legendary Relics.

§ 115B. NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ECCLESIASTICAL ART. (10) The Italian National Literature. (11) The German National Literature. (12) The Sacred Drama. (13) Architecture and Painting.

§ 116. POPULAR MOVEMENTS. (1) Two National Saints. (2) The Maid of Orleans, A.D. 1428-1431. (3) Lollards, Flagellants, and Dancers. (4) The Friends of God. (5) Pantheistic Libertine Societies.

§ 117. CHURCH DISCIPLINE. (1) Indulgences. (2) The Inquisition. (3) The Bull “_In Cœna Domini_.” (4) Prosecution of Witches.

IV. Attempts at Reformation.

§ 118. ATTEMPTED REFORMS IN CHURCH POLITY. (1) The Literary War between Imperialists and Curialists in the 14th Century. (2) ---- Continued. (3) Reforming Councils of the 15th Century. (4) Friends of Reform in France during the 15th Century. 1. Peter d’Ailly. 2. Jean Charlier (Gerson). 3. Nicholas of Clemanges. 4. Louis d’Aleman. (5) Friends of Reform in Germany. 1. Henry of Langenstein. 2. Theodorich or Dietrich of Niem. 3. Gregory of Heimburg. 4. Jacob of Jüterboyk [Jüterbock]. 5. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. 6. Felix Hemmerlin. 7. The Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund. (6) An Italian Apostate from the Basel Liberal Party--Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini. (7) Reforms in Church Policy in Spain.

§ 119. EVANGELICAL EFFORTS AT REFORM. (1) Wiclif and the Wiclifites. (2) Precursors of the Hussite Movement. 1. Conrad of Waldhausen. 2. John Milicz of Cremsier. 3. Matthias of Janow. (3) John Huss of Hussinecz. (4) ---- Rector of the University of Prague. (5) ---- Council of Constance; Trial; Execution. (6) ---- His Teachings. (7) Calixtines and Taborites. (8) The Bohemian and Moravian Brethren. (9) The Waldensians. 1. Lombard-German Waldensians. (9A) 2. French Waldensians. (10) The Dutch Reformers. 1. John Pupper of Goch. 2. John Ruchrath of Wesel. 3. John Wessel. 4. Nicholas Russ. (11) An Italian Reformer--Jerome Savonarola.

§ 120. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING. (1) Italian Humanists. (2) German Humanism--University of Erfurt. (3) ---- Other Schools. (4) John Reuchlin. (5) Epistolæ obscurorum virorum. (6) Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. (7) Humanism in England. (8) Humanism in France and Spain. (9) Humanism and the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century.

THIRD DIVISION.

History of the Development of the Church under Modern European Forms of Civilization.

§ 121. CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF MODERN CHURCH HISTORY.

FIRST SECTION.

CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

I. The Reformation.

§ 122. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION. (1) Luther’s Years of Preparation. (2) Luther’s Theses of A.D. 1517. (3) Prierias, Cajetan, and Miltitz, A.D. 1518, 1519. (4) The Leipzig Disputation, A.D. 1519. (5) Philip Melanchthon. (6) George Spalatin.

§ 123. LUTHER’S PERIOD OF CONFLICT, A.D. 1520, 1521. (1) Luther’s Three Chief Reformation Writings, A.D. 1520. (2) The Papal Bull of Excommunication, A.D. 1520. (3) Erasmus, A.D. 1520. (4) Luther’s Controversy with Emser, A.D. 1519-1521. (5) The Emperor Charles V. (6) The Diet at Worms, A.D. 1521. (7) Luther at Wittenberg after the Diet. (8) The Wartburg Exile, A.D. 1521, 1522. (9) The Attitude of Frederick the Wise to the Reformation.

§ 124. DETERIORATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION, A.D. 1522-1525. (1) The Wittenberg Fanaticism, A.D. 1521, 1522. (2) Franz von Sickingen, A.D. 1522, 1523. (3) Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt, A.D. 1524, 1525. (4) Thomas Münzer, A.D. 1523, 1524. (5) The Peasant War, A.D. 1524, 1525.

§ 125. FRIENDS AND FOES OF LUTHER’S DOCTRINE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) Spread of Evangelical Views. (2) “The Sum of Holy Scripture” and its Author. (3) Henry VIII. and Erasmus. (4) Thomas Murner. (5) “_Onus ecclesiæ._”

§ 126. DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORMATION IN THE EMPIRE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1522, 1523. (2) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1524. (3) The Convention at Regensburg, A.D. 1524. (4) The Evangelical Nobles, A.D. 1524. (5) The Torgau League, A.D. 1526. (6) The Diet of Spires, A.D. 1526.

§ 127. ORGANIZATION OF THE EVANGELICAL PROVINCIAL CHURCHES, A.D. 1526-1529. (1) The Organization of the Church of the Saxon Electorate, A.D. 1527-1529. (2) The Organization of the Hessian Churches, A.D. 1526-1528. (3) Organization of other German Provincial Churches, A.D. 1528-1530. (4) The Reformation in the Cities of Northern Germany, A.D. 1524-1531.

§ 128. MARTYRS FOR EVANGELICAL TRUTH, A.D. 1521-1529.

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