It has been designed to interest the consumer, as well as the manufacturer, the scientific, as well as the general reader, all of whom it is hoped will find in it something useful. The consumer is entitled to know the nature of the product offered, the manufacturer and dealer the best methods of preparation. It will give the physician and sanitarian knowledge of the value of foods, their proper use and inspection, and, while not analytical in purpose, will provide the chemist with information which will guide him in his work of detecting impurities.
It has been thought advisable to give in the appendices extracts from the national laws relating to the subject, as well as the rules and regulations for their enforcement and official standards of purity, as these are now of general interest to all classes. In revising the manuscript and in reading the proofs, especial recognition is made of the valuable aid of Dr. W. D. Bigelow, Chief of the Division of Foods of the Department of Agriculture; Dr. F. V. Coville, Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. B. W. Evermann, of the Bureau of Fisheries. Acknowledgement is also made of the favors of the Bureaus of Plant Industry, Animal Industry, and Forestry. Many helpful suggestions from other sources can only be acknowledged in this general way. All opinions respecting adulterations, misbranding, nutritive value, and wholesomeness are the individual expressions of the author and are not to be considered in any other manner. Honest and truthful practices of manufacture and labeling are to be promoted in every possible manner. In the end the true, the ethical, and the just in these practices will prevail.
HARVEY W. WILEY.
WASHINGTON, D. C., May 1, 1907.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Proper Ration, 3; Social Function of Food, 5; Definition and Composition of Foods, 6; Classification of Foods, 7; Explanation of Chemical Terms, 8.
Part I.--meats and Meat Products 11-94
Definition, 11; Edible Animals, 11; Classification of Meat Foods, 12; Preparation of Animals, 12; Inspection, 13; Tuberculosis, 13; Consumers’ Rights, 14; Slaughter and Preparation of Carcasses, 14; Names of Parts, 15-20; Delivery of Fresh Meat, 21; Storage, 23; Disposition of Fragments, 23; Detection of Different Kinds of Meat, 24; Dried and Pickled Meat, 25; Composition of Pig’s Flesh, 26-33; Preserved Meats, 34-38; Argument of Small Quantities, 38-40; Preparation for Canning, 41; Parboiling, 41; Sterilization, 42; Special Studies of Canning, 43-48; Relation of Canned to Fresh Beef, 48; Canned Ham and Bacon, 48-50; Canned Tongue, 50; Fat as a Test for Adulteration, 51; Potted Meats, 51-56; Canned Poultry, 56; Canned Horse-meat, 57; Canned Cured Meats, 59-60; Magnitude of Industry, 61; General Observations, 62; Lard, 63-77; Soups, 77-78; Beef Extract, 79-80; Beef Juice, 82; Soluble Meats, 83; Preparations of Blood, 83; Beef-tea, 84; Dried and Powdered Meats, 85; Active Principles in Meat Extracts, 86; Relation between Juice and Nutritive Value, 87; Nitrogenous Bases, 88-90; Gelatine, 90-92; Terrestrial Animal Oils, 93.
PART II.--POULTRY AND EGGS AND GAME BIRDS 95-116
Application of Name, 94; Domesticated Fowls, 95-116; Chicken, 95-104; Duck, 104; Goose, 105; Pigeon, 107; Turkey, 107; Forced Fattening, 109; Slaughtering and Preparing for Market, 111; Poisonous Principles in Eggs, 116; Parasites in Eggs, 116.
Part Iii.--fish Foods 117-166
Classification, 117; Edible Portion, 119; Principal Constituents, 119; Alewives, 121; Anchovy, 122; Black Bass, 122; Bluefish, 122; Carp, 123; Catfish, 123; Codfish, 124; Eels, 126; Flounder, 127; Graylings, 128; Haddock, 128; Hake, 128; Halibut, 128; Herring, 129; Horse Mackerel, 130; Hog-fish, 130; Mackerel, 131; Menhaden, 132; Mullet, 132; Muskallunge, 133; Pickerel or Pike, 133; Pompano, 134; Red Snapper, 134; Rock Bass, 135; Salmon, 135-138; Sardines, 139-140; Scup, 141; Shad, 141-142; Sheepshead, 143; Smelt, 144; Spanish Mackerel, 144; Sturgeon, 144; Caviar, 145; Striped Bass, 146; Sole, 146; Tautog, 147; Tilefish, 147; Trout, 147-148; Turbot, 149; Weakfish, 149; Whitefish, 150; Fluorids in Fish, 151; Marketing, 151; Cold Storage, 151; Canning, Drying, and Adulteration, 152; Value as Food, 153; Shellfish, 153; Clams, 153; Lobster, 155; Crabs, 155; Crawfish, 156; Shrimp, 157; Aquatic Reptiles, 157; Turtle, 157; Terrapin, 158; Mussel, 158; Oysters, 158-164; Animal Oils, 165; Marine Animal Oils, 165-166.
PART IV.--MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AND OLEOMARGARINE 169-216
Milk, Limitation of Name, 169; Composition, 169; Method of Production, 169-174; Cream, 175; Curd Test for Purity, 176-178; Whey and Koumiss, 179; Buttermilk and Bonnyclabber, 181; Butter, 182-187; Oleomargarine, 187-189; Cheese, 190; Kinds, 191; Adulteration and Misbranding, 192; Coloring, 193; Cottage Cheese, 195; American Cheese Manufacture, 196-200; Grading Cheese, 200; Cream Cheese, 201; Foreign Types, 201-202; Sage Cheese, 203; English Cheese, 203-205; French Cheese, 206-208; Limburger, 208; Edam, 210; Bacterial Activity, 211; Chemical Changes in Ripening, 212-214; Digestibility, 214; Effect of Cold Storage, 215; Preparations of Casein, 215.
Part V.--cereal Foods 217-273
Barley, 217-218; Buckwheat, 219-221; Indian Corn (Maize), 222-232; Oats, 232-236; Rice, 236; Rye, 237-239; Wheat, 239-242; Wheat Flour, 243-245; Gluten, 245-247; Bleaching, 247; Adulterations, 248; Standard Age and Substitutes, 248; Bread, 249; Yeast, 250; Ferments, 250; Chemical Aerating Agents, 251; Baking Powders, 251-254; Composition of Bread, 254-255; Comparative Nutritive Properties, 256-257; Biscuit, 258; Sugar Lost in Fermentation, 259; Texture of Loaves, 259; Macaroni, 260-264; Cakes, 265-267; Breakfast Foods, 267-271.
PART VI.--VEGETABLES, CONDIMENTS, FRUITS 273-388
Succulent Vegetables, 273; Artichoke, 274; Asparagus, 275; Bean, 275-276; Beets, 277; Brussels Sprouts, 278; Cabbage, 278; Carrot, 279; Cauliflower, 279; Celery, 280; Chicory, 280; Cranberry, 281; Cress, 281; Cucumbers, 281; Egg-plant, Garlic, and Gourds, 282; Horseradish, Jerusalem Artichoke, and Kale, 282; Leek, Lettuce, Melons, and Cantaloupe, 284-286; Okra and Onion, 286; Parsnip, 287; Peas, 287; Potatoes, 288-298; Potato Starch, 296-299; Rhubarb, 299; Squash, 299; Sweet Potato, 299-304; Turnip, 304; Yam, 304; Canned Vegetables, 305-315; Ketchup, 316; Use of Refuse in Ketchup, 317; Starches as Foods, 317-321; Condiments, 321-326; Fruits, 326-329; Apples, 330-335; Cherries, 336; Grapes, 337-338; Peaches, 339-341; Plums, 341; Quince, 342; Small Fruits, 342-343; Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, 343-348; Citrus Fruits, 348-369; Composition of Pineapple, 363-364; Ash of Tropical Fruits, 367; Sugar and Acid in Fruit, 369; Canned Fruits, 370-372; Fruit Sirups, 373-374; Jams, Jellies, and Preserves, 375-381; Manufacture of Jellies, 381-382; Compound Jams and Jellies, 383; Preserves, 384; Fruit Butter, 385; Brandied Fruit, 386; Importance of Preserving Industry, 386-388.
PART VII.--VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS, AND NUTS 389-428
Definition, 389; Chemical Characteristics, 390; Drying and Non-drying Oils, 391; Physical Characters, 392-393; Edible Vegetable Oils, 394-413; Cottonseed Oil, 397-401; Olive Oil, 402-405; Peanut Oil, 406; Rape Oil, 407; Sesame Oil, 408; Sunflower Oil, 409; Cacao-butter, 410; Coconut Oil, 411; Palm Oil, 412; Nuts, 413-428; Acorn, 414; Beechnuts, Brazil-nut, 415; Butternut, Chestnut, 416; Chinese Nut, 417; Coconut, Filbert, 418; Hazelnut, Hickory-nut, 419; Peanuts, 420-424; Pecan, 424-425; Pistachio, 426; Walnut, 426-428.
Part Viii.--fungi as Foods 429-454
Mushrooms, Production, 429-430; Varieties, 430; Food Value, 430; Distinction between Edible and Poisonous, 433-439; Types of Edible Mushrooms, 440; Horse Mushroom, 441; Shaggy Mushroom, 443; Fairy Ring Mushroom, 443; Puff-ball, 444; Cepe, 445; Fly Amanita, 446; Poisoning by Mushrooms, 448; Canned Mushrooms, 449; Truffles, 450-453; Food Value of Fungi, 454.
PART IX.--SUGAR, SIRUP, CONFECTIONERY, AND HONEY 455-494
Sugar, Origin of Sugar, 455; Beet Sugar, 456-465; Cane Sugar, 466; Maple Sugar, 467-468; Sugar Refining, 468-470; Sugar Production, 471; Adulteration of Sugar, 471; Sugar as Food, 472; Sirup, Maple, 472-473; Cane, 475; Sorghum, 476; Molasses, 477-478; Mixed Sirups, 479; Adulteration of Sirups, 480; Confectionery, 482; Materials, 482; Manufacture, 483; Crystallized Fruits and Flowers, 483; Food Value of Candy, 483; Adulteration of Confections, 483-486; Honey, Definition, Historical, 486; Preparation of Honey, 487; Beehives, 488; Distribution of Honey Industry, 489; Comb Honey, 489; Extracted Honey, 490; Properties of Honey, 491-492; Adulteration of Honey, 493-494.
